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The plasma approximation: The plasma approximation applies when the plasma parameter Λ, [26] representing the number of charge carriers within the Debye sphere is much higher than unity. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] It can be readily shown that this criterion is equivalent to smallness of the ratio of the plasma electrostatic and thermal energy densities.
Astrophysical plasma is plasma outside of the Solar System. It is studied as part of astrophysics and is commonly observed in space. [2] The accepted view of scientists is that much of the baryonic matter in the universe exists in this state. [3] When matter becomes sufficiently hot and energetic, it becomes ionized and forms a plasma.
Comparison of the evolution of the universe under Alfvén–Klein cosmology and the Big Bang theory. [1]Plasma cosmology is a non-standard cosmology whose central postulate is that the dynamics of ionized gases and plasmas play important, if not dominant, roles in the physics of the universe at interstellar and intergalactic scales.
For the first time, after decades of speculation, the existence of plasma tubes in the Earth's atmosphere has been confirmed. The discovery was made by Cleo Loi, a 23-year old student of ...
Computer simulation showing the distribution of warm-hot intergalactic gas. The warm–hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) is the sparse, warm-to-hot (10 5 to 10 7 K) plasma that cosmologists believe to exist in the spaces between galaxies and to contain 40–50% [1] [2] of the baryonic 'normal matter' in the universe at the current epoch. [3]
Space physics, also known as space plasma physics, is the study of naturally occurring plasmas within Earth's upper atmosphere and the rest of the Solar System. It includes the topics of aeronomy , aurorae , planetary ionospheres and magnetospheres , radiation belts , and space weather (collectively known as solar-terrestrial physics [ 1 ] ).
The portion of the universe that can be seen by humans is approximately 93 billion light-years in diameter at present, but the total size of the universe is not known. [3] Some of the earliest cosmological models of the universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at the center.
The U.S. space agency's robotic OSIRIS-REx spacecraft in 2020 collected the samples from the near-Earth asteroid, a rocky remnant of a larger celestial body that had formed near the dawn o