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Visible frost damage develops after an accumulation of micro-cracks as a result of several freeze-thaw cycles. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Frost damage can be prevented by the use of frost-proof materials, i.e. , a material which has sufficient closed pores, by which the volume increase caused by the freezing of water in capillary pores can be absorbed by the ...
"Freeze-Thaw resistance". Polymers in Concrete. CRC Press. pp. 40–42. ISBN 9780849348150. J. Marchand; Michel Pigeon; M. Setzer (1997). Freeze–thaw Durability of Concrete. Proceedings of the International Workshop in the Resistance of Concrete to Scaling Due to Freezing in the Presence of De-icing Salts, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada.
Concrete carbonation can be visually revealed by applying a phenolphthalein solution over the fresh surface of a concrete samples (concrete core, prism, freshly fractured bar). Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator , whose color turns from colorless at pH < 8.5 to pink-fuchsia at pH > 9.5.
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Design strategies can moderate the impact of environmental effects, such as using of pressure-moderated rain screening, ensuring that the HVAC system is able to effectively control humidity accumulation and selecting concrete mixes with reduced water content to minimize the impact of freeze-thaw cycles. [54]
Although there are design modifications to reduce the risks, infiltrating runoff may freeze below the pavement, causing frost heave. Another issue is spalling damage, which exclusively occurs on porous concrete pavement from salt application during the winter season. Thus porous paving is suggested for warmer climates.
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In construction, the thaw depth is a major factor in ensuring the structural integrity of the objects in question. The primary factor that determines the thaw depth is the maximal air temperature. The soil type is another important factor: coarser textures of the parent material have higher thermal conductivity , and, e.g., sandy soils have ...
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