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Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid; chemical formula HOCH 2 CO 2 H) is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water. It is used in various skin-care products. Glycolic acid is widespread in nature. A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of glycolic acid.
For instance, the production of glycolic acid typically follows this method, utilizing a base-induced reaction, followed by acid workup. Similarly, unsaturated acids and fumarate and maleate esters undergo hydration to yield malic acid derivatives from esters, and 3-hydroxypropionic acid from acrylic acid. [13]
Its conjugate base is the acetate ion with K b = 10 −14 /K a = 5.7 x 10 −10 (from the relationship K a × K b = 10 −14), which certainly does not correspond to a strong base. The conjugate of a weak acid is often a weak base and vice versa .
Minoxidil 10% and 15%: Is High Strength More Effective? Nicholas Gibson. December 1, 2024 at 3:58 AM. ... Think folic acid and vitamins B7, B12, C, D and E — to name just a few. These gummies ...
Thioglycolic acid with a pK a of 3.83 [7] is an acid about 8.5 times stronger than acetic acid (pK a 4.76): HSCH 2 CO 2 H → HSCH 2 CO 2 − + H + The second ionization has a pK a of 9.3: HSCH 2 CO 2 − → − SCH 2 CO 2 − + H + Thioglycolic acid is a reducing agent, especially at higher pH.
Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.
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