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The inverse DFT typically employs an over-sampling factor, so its dimension is KxN (where K > N is the number of time-domain samples per OFDM symbol block), whereas the dimension of the spread-OFDM code matrix is NxN. At the receiver, the received spread-OFDM signal is expressed by r = HF −1 Sb, where H represents a channel matrix. Since the ...
Then, the right hand side DFT/IDFT matrix and the th diagonal phase shift matrix in the diagonalization can be thought of the precoding to the input information symbol vector in the th sub vector channel, and all the vectorized subchannels become diagonal channels of discrete frequency components from the -point DFT of the original ISI channel ...
where = [,, …,] is the vector of transmitted symbols, , are the vectors of received symbols and noise respectively and is the matrix of channel coefficients. An often encountered problem in open loop spatial multiplexing is to guard against instance of high channel correlation and strong power imbalances between the multiple streams.
If the channel matrix is completely known, singular value decomposition (SVD) precoding is known to achieve the MIMO channel capacity. [5] In this approach, the channel matrix is diagonalized by taking an SVD and removing the two unitary matrices through pre- and post-multiplication at the transmitter and receiver, respectively.
Such techniques commonly assume that the channel matrix is known at the receiver. In practice, in communication systems, the transmitter sends a Pilot signal and the receiver learns the state of the channel (i.e., H {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} } ) from the received signal Y {\displaystyle Y} and the Pilot signal X {\displaystyle X} .
A Butler matrix is a beamforming network used to feed a phased array of antenna elements. Its purpose is to control the direction of a beam, or beams, of radio transmission . It consists of an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrix ( n {\displaystyle n} some power of two) with hybrid couplers and fixed-value phase shifters at the junctions.
In wireless communications, channel state information (CSI) is the known channel properties of a communication link. This information describes how a signal propagates from the transmitter to the receiver and represents the combined effect of, for example, scattering, fading, and power decay with distance. The method is called channel estimation.
A butler uses an intercom on behalf of a lady. An intercom, also called an intercommunication device, intercommunicator, or interphone, is a stand-alone voice communications system for use within a building, small collection of buildings or portably within a small coverage area, which functions independently of the public telephone network. [1]
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