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  2. Aufbau principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principle

    In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the Aufbau principle (/ ˈ aʊ f b aʊ /, from German: Aufbauprinzip, lit. 'building-up principle'), also called the Aufbau rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons first fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then fill subshells of higher energy. For example, the 1s ...

  3. Free-energy perturbation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-energy_perturbation

    An alternative to free-energy perturbation for computing potentials of mean force in chemical space is thermodynamic integration. Another alternative, which is probably more efficient, is the Bennett acceptance ratio method. Adaptations to FEP exist which attempt to apportion free-energy changes to subsections of the chemical structure. [5]

  4. Rotating unbalance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_unbalance

    A static balance (sometimes called a force balance [2] [3]) occurs when the inertial axis of a rotating mass is displaced from and parallel to the axis of rotation.Static unbalances can occur more frequently in disk-shaped rotors because the thin geometric profile of the disk allows for an uneven distribution of mass with an inertial axis that is nearly parallel to the axis of rotation.

  5. Sverdrup balance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdrup_balance

    In words, this equation says that as a vertical column of water is squashed, it moves toward the Equator; as it is stretched, it moves toward the pole. Assuming, as did Sverdrup, that there is a level below which motion ceases, the vorticity equation can be integrated from this level to the base of the Ekman surface layer to obtain:

  6. Surface energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_energy

    The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, δA, a quantity of work, γ δA, is needed (where γ is the surface energy density of the liquid).

  7. Blade element momentum theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Element_Momentum_Theory

    Bernoulli's equation describes the different forms of energy that are present in fluid flow where the net energy is constant, i.e. when a fluid is not transferring any energy to some other entity such as a rotor. The energy consists of static pressure, gravitational potential energy, and kinetic energy. Mathematically, we have the following ...

  8. Thermodynamic equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equations

    Only one equation of state will not be sufficient to reconstitute the fundamental equation. All equations of state will be needed to fully characterize the thermodynamic system. Note that what is commonly called "the equation of state" is just the "mechanical" equation of state involving the Helmholtz potential and the volume:

  9. Born–Landé equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born–Landé_equation

    The Born–Landé equation is a means of calculating the lattice energy of a crystalline ionic compound. In 1918 [ 1 ] Max Born and Alfred Landé proposed that the lattice energy could be derived from the electrostatic potential of the ionic lattice and a repulsive potential energy term.