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In contrast to structural steel, rebar steel grades are not harmonized yet across Europe, each country having their own national standards. However, some standardization of specification and testing methods exist under EN 10080 and EN ISO 15630: BS EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. General. (2005)
Reinforcing rebar is placed axially in the column to provide additional axial stiffness. Accounting for the additional stiffness of the steel, the nominal loading capacity P n for the column in terms of the maximum compressive stress of the concrete f c ' , the yield stress of the steel f y , the gross cross section area of the column A g , and ...
ASTM A992 is currently the most available steel type for structural wide-flange beams. The industry's technical institute describes the standard thus: "ASTM A992 (Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi) is the preferred material specification for wide-flange shapes, having replaced ASTM A36 and A572 grade 50. There are a couple of noteworthy enhancements ...
Hardness Conversion Table – Brinell, Rockwell,Vickers – Various steels . (archived November 11, 2011) Rockwell to Brinell conversion chart (Brinell, Rockwell A,B,C) Struers hardness conversion table (Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell B,C,D)
The Ardblair Stones is a strength feat, where nine reinforced concrete lifting stones of ascending weight are used. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The 9 stones weigh 18 kg (40 lb), 32 kg (71 lb), 41 kg (90 lb), 50 kg (110 lb), 75 kg (165 lb), 107 kg (236 lb), 118 kg (260 lb), 135 kg (298 lb) and 152 kg (335 lb) respectively. [ 3 ]
Steel never turns into a liquid below this temperature. Pure Iron ('Steel' with 0% Carbon) starts to melt at 1,492 °C (2,718 °F), and is completely liquid upon reaching 1,539 °C (2,802 °F). Steel with 2.1% Carbon by weight begins melting at 1,130 °C (2,070 °F), and is completely molten upon reaching 1,315 °C (2,399 °F).
A36 steel has a Poisson's ratio of 0.26 and a shear modulus of 11,500 ksi (79.3 GPa). [ 7 ] A36 steel in plates, bars, and shapes with a thickness of less than 8 inches (203 millimeters) has a minimum yield strength of 36 ksi (250 MPa ) and ultimate tensile strength of 58–80 ksi (400–550 MPa).
The steel is then quenched so that the austenite is transformed into martensite, and the ferrite remains on cooling. The steel is then subjected to a temper cycle to allow some level of marten-site decomposition. By controlling the amount of martensite in the steel, as well as the degree of temper, the strength level can be controlled.