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Protonation is usually reversible, and the structure and bonding of the conjugate base are normally unchanged on protonation. In some cases, however, protonation induces isomerization, for example cis-alkenes can be converted to trans-alkenes using a catalytic amount of protonating agent.
Extreme acidity, heat, and dehydrating conditions are usually required. Other hydrocarbon oxonium ions are formed by protonation or alkylation of alcohols or ethers (R−C− + −R 1 R 2). Secondary oxonium ions have the formula R 2 OH +, an example being protonated ethers. Tertiary oxonium ions have the formula R 3 O +, an example being ...
Ferrocene is an organometallic compound with the formula Fe(C 5 H 5) 2.The molecule is a complex consisting of two cyclopentadienyl rings sandwiching a central iron atom. It is an orange solid with a camphor-like odor that sublimes above room temperature, and is soluble in most organic solvents.
Like phosphine itself, but easier, organophosphines undergo protonation. The reaction is reversible. Whereas organophosphines are oxygen-sensitive, the protonated derivatives are not. Primary and secondary derivatives, they can be deprotonated by strong bases to give organophosphide derivatives.
Deprotonation of acetic acid by a hydroxide ion. Deprotonation (or dehydronation) is the removal (transfer) of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H +) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid–base reaction.
The basic mechanism of the Payne rearrangement involves deprotonation of the free hydroxyl group, invertive nucleophilic attack on the proximal epoxide carbon, and re-protonation of the newly freed alkoxide. Each step of the process is reversible. [4] (2) Several observations suggest that this mechanistic picture is oversimplified.
Acid catalysis is mainly used for organic chemical reactions. Many acids can function as sources for the protons. Acid used for acid catalysis include hydrofluoric acid (in the alkylation process), phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, heteropoly acids, zeolites.
The principal reaction of the Verkade base is protonation. The proton is attacked by the Verkade base at the phosphorus atom within, which induces the formation of a transannular P-N bond. The product exemplifies the structure of an atrane. Protonation of Verkade base. The conjugate acid [HP(MeNCH 2 CH 2) 3 N] + of the base has a pK a of 32.9 ...