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The terms were first used during the First Great Awakening (1730s–40s), which expanded through the British North American colonies in the middle of the 18th century. [1] In A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737), Jonathan Edwards , a leader in the Awakening, describes his congregants' vivid experiences with grace as causing ...
The Second Great Awakening (sometimes known simply as "the Great Awakening") was a religious revival that occurred in the United States beginning in the late eighteenth century and lasting until the middle of the nineteenth century. While it occurred in all parts of the United States, it was especially strong in the Northeast and the Midwest. [15]
Like the First Great Awakening a half century earlier, the Second Great Awakening in North America reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the supernatural. [2] It rejected the skepticism, deism , Unitarianism , and rationalism left over from the American Enlightenment , [ 3 ] about the same time that ...
His great-grandfather, Charles Chauncy, after whom he was named, was the second president of Harvard College. His father was a successful Boston merchant. His father was a successful Boston merchant. Chauncy was educated at the Boston Latin School and at Harvard, where he received both his undergraduate degree and his master's in theology.
Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom identified a "great international Protestant upheaval" that created Pietism in Germany and Scandinavia, the Evangelical Revival, and Methodism in England, and the First Great Awakening in the American colonies. [1] This powerful grass-roots evangelical movement shifted the emphasis from formality to inner piety.
The idea of a "great awakening" has been contested by historian Jon Butler as vague and exaggerated. He suggested that historians abandon the term Great Awakening because the 18th-century revivals were only regional events that occurred in only half of the American colonies, and their effects on American religion and society were minimal. [103]
Thomas Campbell combined the Enlightenment approach to unity with the Reformed and Puritan traditions of restoration. [3]: 82, 106 The Enlightenment affected the Campbell movement in two ways. First, it provided the idea that Christian unity could be achieved by finding a set of essentials that all reasonable people could agree on.
Howe grounds the Whigs' optimistic culture of self- and societal-improvement in postmillennial Christian thought and notes the overlap between the Second Great Awakening and the reform impulse. [23] Whig politics and Protestant humanitarianism worked in tandem to promote social reform as postmillennialism galvanized prison reform, new ...