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  2. Torch (machine learning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch_(machine_learning)

    The torch package also simplifies object-oriented programming and serialization by providing various convenience functions which are used throughout its packages. The torch.class(classname, parentclass) function can be used to create object factories ( classes ).

  3. Automatic differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_differentiation

    Automatic differentiation is a subtle and central tool to automatize the simultaneous computation of the numerical values of arbitrarily complex functions and their derivatives with no need for the symbolic representation of the derivative, only the function rule or an algorithm thereof is required [3] [4]. Auto-differentiation is thus neither ...

  4. Index mapping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_mapping

    Index mapping (or direct addressing, or a trivial hash function) in computer science describes using an array, in which each position corresponds to a key in the universe of possible values. [1] The technique is most effective when the universe of keys is reasonably small, such that allocating an array with one position for every possible key ...

  5. PyTorch - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyTorch

    PyTorch is a machine learning library based on the Torch library, [4] [5] [6] used for applications such as computer vision and natural language processing, [7] originally developed by Meta AI and now part of the Linux Foundation umbrella.

  6. Bicubic interpolation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicubic_interpolation

    At the edges of the dataset, when one is missing some of the surrounding points, the missing points can be approximated by a number of methods. A simple and common method is to assume that the slope from the existing point to the target point continues without further change, and using this to calculate a hypothetical value for the missing point.

  7. Powell's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell's_method

    Powell's method, strictly Powell's conjugate direction method, is an algorithm proposed by Michael J. D. Powell for finding a local minimum of a function. The function need not be differentiable, and no derivatives are taken. The function must be a real-valued function of a fixed number of real-valued inputs. The caller passes in the initial point.

  8. Stochastic gradient descent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent

    When used to minimize the above function, a standard (or "batch") gradient descent method would perform the following iterations: := = = (). The step size is denoted by η {\displaystyle \eta } (sometimes called the learning rate in machine learning) and here " := {\displaystyle :=} " denotes the update of a variable in the algorithm.

  9. Hadamard transform - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard_transform

    The Hadamard transform H m is a 2 m × 2 m matrix, the Hadamard matrix (scaled by a normalization factor), that transforms 2 m real numbers x n into 2 m real numbers X k.The Hadamard transform can be defined in two ways: recursively, or by using the binary (base-2) representation of the indices n and k.