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Comparison between tunings: Pythagorean, equal-tempered, quarter-comma meantone, and others.For each, the common origin is arbitrarily chosen as C. The degrees are arranged in the order or the cycle of fifths; as in each of these tunings except just intonation all fifths are of the same size, the tunings appear as straight lines, the slope indicating the relative tempering with respect to ...
Equal-loudness contours. The phon is a logarithmic unit of loudness level for tones and complex sounds. Loudness is measured in sones, a linear unit.Human sensitivity to sound is variable across different frequencies; therefore, although two different tones may present an identical sound pressure to a human ear, they may be psychoacoustically perceived as differing in loudness.
The decibel (symbol: dB) is a relative unit of measurement equal to one tenth of a bel (B). It expresses the ratio of two values of a power or root-power quantity on a logarithmic scale. Two signals whose levels differ by one decibel have a power ratio of 10 1/10 (approximately 1.26) or root-power ratio of 10 1/20 (approximately 1.12). [1] [2]
Music played at excessive volumes is often considered a form of noise pollution. [104] Governments such as that of the United Kingdom have local procedures for dealing with noise pollution, including loud music. [105] Noise as high volume is common for musicians from classical orchestras to rock groups as they are exposed to high decibel ranges.
A safe listening level is about 85 decibels—akin to a blender, or traffic, or a loud restaurant—over eight hours. “That time frame cuts in half for every three-decibel increase, though ...
Loudness, a subjective measure, is often confused with physical measures of sound strength such as sound pressure, sound pressure level (in decibels), sound intensity or sound power. Weighting filters such as A-weighting and LKFS attempt to compensate measurements to correspond to loudness as perceived by the typical human.
In sound measurement, we measure the loudness of the sound in decibels (dB). Decibels are logarithmic with 0 dB as the reference. [1] There are also a range of frequencies that sounds can have. Frequency is the number of times a sine wave repeats itself in a second. [2] Normal auditory systems can usually hear between 20 and 20,000 Hz. [2]
Though the values vary widely between units, a typical analogue cassette might give 60 dB, a CD almost 100 dB. Most modern quality amplifiers have >110 dB dynamic range, [6] which approaches that of the human ear, usually taken as around 130 dB. See Programme levels. Phase distortion, Group delay, and Phase delay