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English: Simple Distillations Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: ... This diagram was created with Inkscape.
The ".SVG" images is missing the outlet pipe from the receiving portion of the apparatus see “.PNG” image (above) - just above label 8. Figure 10 missing; Also some of the ground glass joints are shaded others are not. To be picky: The thermometer bulb could have a black line around it to show it is contained within the thermometer.
A simple vacuum distillation system as exemplified above can be used, whereby the vacuum is replaced with an inert gas after the distillation is complete. However, this is a less satisfactory system if one desires to collect fractions under a reduced pressure.
A McCabe–Thiele diagram for the distillation of a binary (two-component) feed is constructed using the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data—which is how vapor is concentrated when in contact with its liquid form—for the component with the lower boiling point. Figure 1: Typical McCabe–Thiele diagram for distillation of a binary feed
In distillation, a mixture is heated until the more volatile components boil off, the vapors are condensed, and collected in a separate container. In reflux, a reaction involving volatile liquids is carried out at their boiling point, to speed it up; and the vapors that inevitably come off are condensed and returned to the reaction vessel.
[citation needed] The diagram shows a more modern version, in which the glass taps have been replaced with more air-tight Teflon taps. Some compounds have high boiling points and are sensitive to air. A simple vacuum distillation system can be used, whereby the vacuum is replaced with an inert gas after the distillation is complete. However ...
A fractionating column or fractional column is equipment used in the distillation of liquid mixtures to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on their differences in volatility. Fractionating columns are used in small-scale laboratory distillations as well as large-scale industrial distillations.
The simplest standard distillation apparatus is commonly known as a pot still, consisting of a single heated chamber and a vessel to collect purified alcohol. A pot still incorporates only one condensation, whereas other types of distillation equipment have multiple stages which result in higher purification of the more volatile component ...