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A case–control study (also known as case–referent study) is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute. Case–control studies are often used to identify factors that may contribute to a medical condition by comparing subjects who ...
Case series have a descriptive study design; unlike studies that employ an analytic design (e.g. cohort studies, case-control studies or randomized controlled trials ), case series do not, in themselves, involve hypothesis testing to look for evidence of cause and effect (though case-only analyses are sometimes performed in genetic epidemiology to investigate the association between an ...
A case study is an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case (or cases) within a real-world context. [1] [2] For example, case studies in medicine may focus on an individual patient or ailment; case studies in business might cover a particular firm 's strategy or a broader market; similarly, case studies in politics can range from a ...
In Denmark, scientific misconduct is defined as "intention [al] negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist", and in Sweden as "intention [al] distortion of the research process by fabrication of data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or ...
An embedded case study is a case study containing more than one sub-unit of analysis (Yin, 2003). Similar to a case study, an embedded case study methodology provides a means of integrating quantitative and qualitative methods into a single research study (Scholz & Tietje, 2002; Yin 2003). However, the identification of sub-units allows for a ...
The case method is a teaching approach that uses decision-forcing cases to put students in the role of people who were faced with difficult decisions at some point in the past. It developed during the course of the twentieth-century from its origins in the casebook method of teaching law pioneered by Harvard legal scholar Christopher C. Langdell.
Case–cohort study. A case–cohort study is a design in which cases and controls are drawn from within a prospective study. All cases who developed the outcome of interest during the follow-up are selected and compared with a random sample of the cohort. This randomly selected control sample could, by chance, include some cases.
Withholding life-prolonging medical treatment. Informed consent to medical treatment. Person wishes for assisted suicide. Person wishes for euthanasia for another. References. List of medical ethics cases. Some cases have been remarkable for starting broad discussion and for setting precedent in medical ethics .