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  2. Krippendorff's alpha - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krippendorff's_alpha

    Krippendorff's alpha coefficient, [1] named after academic Klaus Krippendorff, is a statistical measure of the agreement achieved when coding a set of units of analysis.. Since the 1970s, alpha has been used in content analysis where textual units are categorized by trained readers, in counseling and survey research where experts code open-ended interview data into analyzable terms, in ...

  3. Cronbach's alpha - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronbach's_alpha

    Cronbach's alpha (Cronbach's ), also known as tau-equivalent reliability or coefficient alpha (coefficient ), is a reliability coefficient and a measure of the internal consistency of tests and measures. [1] [2] [3] It was named after the American psychologist Lee Cronbach.

  4. Fine-structure constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant

    A present day null constraint on the time variation of alpha does not necessarily rule out time variation in the past. Indeed, some theories [ 56 ] that predict a variable fine-structure constant also predict that the value of the fine-structure constant should become practically fixed in its value once the universe enters its current dark ...

  5. Type I and type II errors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors

    To reduce the probability of committing a type I error, making the alpha value more stringent is both simple and efficient. To decrease the probability of committing a type II error, which is closely associated with analyses' power, either increasing the test's sample size or relaxing the alpha level could increase the analyses' power.

  6. Inter-rater reliability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rater_reliability

    Krippendorff's alpha [16] [17] is a versatile statistic that assesses the agreement achieved among observers who categorize, evaluate, or measure a given set of objects in terms of the values of a variable. It generalizes several specialized agreement coefficients by accepting any number of observers, being applicable to nominal, ordinal ...

  7. Alpha (finance) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_(finance)

    Alpha is a measure of the active return on an investment, the performance of that investment compared with a suitable market index.An alpha of 1% means the investment's return on investment over a selected period of time was 1% better than the market during that same period; a negative alpha means the investment underperformed the market.

  8. Kuder–Richardson formulas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuder–Richardson_formulas

    Often discussed in tandem with KR-20, is Kuder–Richardson Formula 21 (KR-21). [4] KR-21 is a simplified version of KR-20, which can be used when the difficulty of all items on the test are known to be equal.

  9. Fourier number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_number

    In the study of heat conduction, the Fourier number, is the ratio of time, , to a characteristic time scale for heat diffusion, .This dimensionless group is named in honor of J.B.J. Fourier, who formulated the modern understanding of heat conduction. [1]