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A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role ... including electron transfer, redox sensing, and as structural ...
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), also called methoxatin, is a redox cofactor and antioxidant. [1] Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase is used as a glucose sensor in bacteria. PQQ stimulates growth in bacteria. [2]
Cytochromes are redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central iron (Fe) atom at its core, as a cofactor. They are involved in the electron transport chain and redox catalysis . They are classified according to the type of heme and its mode of binding .
In biochemical reactions, the redox reactions are sometimes more difficult to see, such as this reaction from glycolysis: P i + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD + → NADH + H + + 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. In this reaction, NAD + is the oxidant (electron acceptor), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is the reductant (electron donor).
In redox biocatalysis, the nicotinamide cofactor (NAD(P)H or NAD(P)+) can act as an electron donor or acceptor by releasing or accepting a hydride. The cofactor must be used in the reaction either in stoichiometric amounts leading to inhibition and economic issues, or in catalytic amounts coupled with an in situ regeneration system.
Glutaredoxins [1] [2] [3] (also known as Thioltransferase) are small redox enzymes of approximately one hundred amino-acid residues that use glutathione as a cofactor. In humans this oxidation repair enzyme is also known to participate in many cellular functions, including redox signaling and regulation of glucose metabolism.
In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. A flavoprotein is a protein that contains a flavin group , which may be in the form of FAD or flavin mononucleotide (FMN).
The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of GSH/GSSG, NAD + /NADH and NADP + /NADPH in a biological system such as a cell or organ. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g., lactate and pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate), whose interconversion is dependent on these ratios ...