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This is the thermodynamic equation of state. [2] β is the salinity variant of the thermal expansion coefficient α, where the density changes due to a change in temperature instead of salinity. With these two coefficients, the density ratio can be calculated. This determines the contribution of the temperature and salinity to the density of a ...
[1] T-S Diagram showing water mass locations. As long as it remains isolated from the surface, where heat or fresh water can be gained or lost, and in the absence of mixing with other water masses, a water parcel's potential temperature and salinity are conserved. Deep water masses thus retain their T-S characteristics for long periods of time ...
The temperature and salinity attributes, which generally determine the water density, both respond to the water vertical structure. By putting these two variables in orthogonal coordinates, the angle with the axis can indicate the importance of the two in stability. Turner angle is defined as: [1]
Conservative temperature is defined to be directly proportional to potential enthalpy. It is rescaled to have the same units as the in-situ temperature: = where = 3989.24495292815 J kg −1 K −1 is a reference value of the specific heat capacity, chosen to be as close as possible to the spatial average of the heat capacity over the entire ocean surface.
Using this model, if the temperature of the seawater is known from external sources, then measurements of the brightness temperature can be used to compute the salinity of surface seawater directly. Figure 1 shows an example of the brightness temperature curves associated with sea surface salinity, as a function of sea surface temperature .
The report from Working Group 1 in the IPCC 2021 AR6 concluded that patterns of evaporation minus precipitation (E-P) over the ocean have enhanced the present mean pattern of wetting and drying. [8] In general, saline surface waters had become saltier (especially in the Atlantic Ocean) while relatively fresh surface waters had become fresher ...
Thus, they are essentially equations of state, and using the fundamental equations, experimental data can be used to determine sought-after quantities like G (Gibbs free energy) or H . [1] The relation is generally expressed as a microscopic change in internal energy in terms of microscopic changes in entropy , and volume for a closed system in ...
The density of surface seawater ranges from about 1020 to 1029 kg/m 3, depending on the temperature and salinity. At a temperature of 25 °C, the salinity of 35 g/kg and 1 atm pressure, the density of seawater is 1023.6 kg/m 3. [7] [8] Deep in the ocean, under high pressure, seawater can reach a density of 1050 kg/m 3 or higher. The density of ...