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An integral, or intrinsic, membrane protein (IMP) [1] is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. All transmembrane proteins can be classified as IMPs, but not all IMPs are transmembrane proteins. [2] IMPs comprise a significant fraction of the proteins encoded in an organism's genome. [3]
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that help cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. [3] Upon ligand binding, integrins activate signal transduction pathways that mediate cellular signals such as regulation of the cell cycle, organization of the intracellular cytoskeleton, and movement of new receptors to the cell membrane. [4]
A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. [42] Various different line integrals are in use. In the case of a closed curve it is also called a contour integral. The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field.
A transmembrane protein is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane. Many transmembrane proteins function as gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane. They frequently undergo significant conformational changes to move a substance through the membrane.
In biology, a gene cassette is a type of mobile genetic element that contains a gene and a recombination site. Each cassette usually contains a single gene and tends to be very small; on the order of 500–1,000 base pairs. They may exist incorporated into an integron or freely as circular DNA. [1]
In fully developed animals, these molecules play an integral role in generating force and movement and consequently ensuring that organs are able to execute their functions normally. [3] In addition to serving as "molecular glue", CAMs play important roles in the cellular mechanisms of growth, contact inhibition, and apoptosis.
Horizontal integration and vertical integration, in microeconomics and strategic management, styles of ownership and control; Regional integration, in which states cooperate through regional institutions and rules; Integration clause, a declaration that a contract is the final and complete understanding of the parties
Integration is in part responsible for the persistence of retroviral infections. [10] After integration, the viral gene expression and particle production may take place immediately or at some point in the future, the timing depends on the activity of the chromosomal locus hosting the provirus. [4] Retroviral INs catalyze two reactions: [4]