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The literate upper classes of Ancient Rome were increasingly Hellenized in their culture during the 3rd century BC. [6] [7] [8]Emperor Julian. Among Romans the career of Titus Quinctius Flamininus (died 174 BC), who appeared at the Isthmian Games in Corinth in 196 BC and proclaimed the freedom of the Greek states, was fluent in Greek, stood out, according to Livy, as a great admirer of Greek ...
The second dimension, self-enhancement versus self-transcendence, contrasts self-focused interests with values oriented toward the welfare of others. [1] Although the theory distinguishes ten values, the borders between the motivators are artificial and one value flows into the next, which can be seen by the following shared motivational emphases:
The ideal Stoic would instead measure things at their real value, [27] and see that the passions are not natural. [28] To be free of the passions is to have a happiness which is self-contained. [28] There would be nothing to fear—for unreason is the only evil; no cause for anger—for others cannot harm you. [28]
Self-expression is a cluster of values that include social tolerance, life satisfaction, public expression and an aspiration to liberty. Ronald Inglehart , the University of Michigan professor who developed the theory of post-materialism , has worked extensively with this concept.
Athens was a center of learning, with sophists and philosophers traveling from across Greece to teach rhetoric, astronomy, cosmology, and geometry. While philosophy was an established pursuit prior to Socrates, Cicero credits him as "the first who brought philosophy down from the heavens, placed it in cities, introduced it into families, and ...
The first axis refers to beliefs about the value of human life, how people should be treated, the respect we afford to human life and the moral obligations these beliefs demand from us. The second moral axis refers to beliefs about the kind of life that is worth living, beliefs that permeate our choices and actions in our day to day existence.
The Aitareya Brahmana (~1000 BCE) in section 6.27, for example, states the arts are a refinement of the self (atma-samskrti). [32] The oldest surviving complete Sanskrit manuscript that discusses a theory of aesthetics is of Natya Shastra , estimated to have been complete between 200 BCE and 200 CE. [ 33 ]
Self-expression values give high priority to subjective well-being, self-expression and quality of life. [2] Some values more common in societies that embrace these values include environmental protection, growing tolerance of foreigners, gays and lesbians and gender equality, rising demands for participation in decision-making in economic and ...