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Echolalia can be categorized as communicative (in context and with "apparent communicative purpose") vs. semicommunicative (an "unclear communicative meaning"). [1] The use of echolalia in task response to facilitate generalization is an area that holds much promise. [14] Research in this area is certainly needed.
echolalia (syn. echophrasia) – of vocalizations (the most common of the echophenomena) [1] echopalilalia – of words [4] echothanatologia - of words centered on death, described in a review of grief in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders [5] echopraxia (syn. echokinesis, echomatism [4]) – of actions, movements
Palilalia is defined as the repetition of the speaker's words or phrases, often for a varying number of repeats. Repeated units are generally whole sections of words and are larger than a syllable, with words being repeated the most often, followed by phrases, and then syllables or sounds.
Vocal imitation happens quickly: words can be repeated within 250-300 milliseconds [1] both in normals (during speech shadowing) [2] and during echolalia.The imitation of speech syllables possibly happens even more quickly: people begin imitating the second phone in the syllable [ao] earlier than they can identify it (out of the set [ao], [aæ] and [ai]). [3]
Echopraxia (also known as echokinesis [1]) is the involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's actions. [1] Similar to echolalia, the involuntary repetition of sounds and language, it is one of the echophenomena ("automatic imitative actions without explicit awareness"). [1]
Complex phonic tics include echolalia (repeating words just spoken by someone else), palilalia (repeating one's own previously spoken words), lexilalia (repeating words after reading them), and coprolalia (the spontaneous utterance of socially objectionable or taboo words or phrases).
Catatonia involves a significant psychomotor disturbance, which can occur as catalepsy, stupor, excessive purposeless motor activity, extreme negativism (seemingly motiveless resistance to movement), mutism, echolalia (imitating speech), or echopraxia (imitating movements). [1] There is a catatonic subtype of schizophrenia. [1]
Akinetic mutism and catatonia may both manifest with immobility, mutism, and waxy flexibility. Differentiating both disorders is the fact that akinetic mutism does not present with echolalia, echopraxia, or posturing. Furthermore, it is not responsive to benzodiazepines as is the case for catatonia.