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Adenine (/ ˈ æ d ɪ n iː n /, / ˈ æ d ɪ n ɪ n /) (symbol A or Ade) is a purine nucleotide base. It is one of the nucleobases in the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. The shape of adenine is complementary to either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. In cells adenine, as an independent molecule, is rare.
Cellular signaling by adenosine occurs through four known adenosine receptor subtypes (A 1, A 2A, A 2B, and A 3). [ 19 ] Extracellular adenosine concentrations from normal cells are approximately 300 nM; however, in response to cellular damage (e.g., in inflammatory or ischemic tissue), these concentrations are quickly elevated (600–1,200 nM).
Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group.A nucleoside consists simply of a nucleobase (also termed a nitrogenous base) and a five-carbon sugar (ribose or 2'-deoxyribose) whereas a nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.
[2] [page needed] In addition, some viruses have aminoadenine (Z) instead of adenine. It differs in having an extra amine group, creating a more stable bond to thymine. [3] Adenine and guanine have a fused-ring skeletal structure derived of purine, hence they are called purine bases. [4]
Structure of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) Structure of guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) Structure of uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) Structure of cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP) The general structure of a ribonucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a ribose sugar group, and a nucleobase, in which the nucleobase can either be adenine ...
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. [1] As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix adenylyl-. [2]
Adenosine + H 2 O → Inosine + NH 3 (catalyzed by adenosine deaminase in skeletal muscle, blood, liver) Ammonia is toxic, disrupts cell function, and permeates cell membranes. Ammonia becomes ammonium (NH + 4) depending on the pH of the cell or plasma. Ammonium is relatively non-toxic and does not readily permeate cell membranes. [14] NH 3 + H ...
Adenylylation, [1] [2] more commonly known as AMPylation, is a process in which an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) molecule is covalently attached to the amino acid side chain of a protein. [3] This covalent addition of AMP to a hydroxyl side chain of the protein is a post-translational modification . [ 4 ]