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The thioglycolic acid in the perm solution reduces the disulfide cystine bonds in the cortex of the hair. [2] In a sense, the thioglycolate removes crosslinks. After washing, the hair is treated with a mild solution of hydrogen peroxide, which oxidizes the cysteines back to cystine. These new chemical bonds impart the structural rigidity ...
A product falsely marketed as chemical-free in the 1990s, the Rio Hair Naturalizer System, led to a class action lawsuit against the manufacturer, the World Rio Corporation Inc., when the acidic chemicals it contained caused scalp damage and/or hair loss to thousands of users. [2] [3] The product was eventually withdrawn from the market. [3]
A permanent wave, commonly called a perm or permanent (sometimes called a "curly perm" to distinguish it from a "straight perm"), [1] is a hairstyle consisting of waves or curls set into the hair. The curls may last a number of months, hence the name. Perms may be applied using thermal or chemical means.
The curl-perm process adds body and volume to flat or straight hair, giving it more volume and making it easier to style. Skip to main content. Sign in. Mail. 24/7 Help. For premium support please ...
Pellets of soda lye (sodium hydroxide) Pellets of potash lye (potassium hydroxide)Lye is a hydroxide, either sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.The word lye most accurately refers to sodium hydroxide (NaOH), [citation needed] but historically has been conflated to include other alkali materials, most notably potassium hydroxide (KOH).
Thioglycolic acid with a pK a of 3.83 [7] is an acid about 8.5 times stronger than acetic acid (pK a 4.76): . HSCH 2 CO 2 H → HSCH 2 CO 2 − + H +. The second ionization has a pK a of 9.3:
The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases.
The reagent is an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate. Reaction with double or triple bonds (R 2 C=CR 2 or R−C≡C−R) causes the color to fade from purplish-pink to brown. Aldehydes and formic acid (and formates) also give a positive test. [43] The test is antiquated. Baeyer's reagent reaction