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For example, genes are easily added to bacteria [121] and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function. [122] [123] Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 11 January 2025. Science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal). For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic, see Introduction to genetics. For the Meghan Trainor ...
•List of human protein-coding genes page 2 covers genes EPHA1–MTMR3 •List of human protein-coding genes page 3 covers genes MTMR4–SLC17A7 •List of human protein-coding genes page 4 covers genes SLC17A8–ZZZ3 NB: Each list page contains 5000 human protein-coding genes, sorted alphanumerically by the HGNC-approved gene symbol.
For example, rice can be given genes from a maize and a soil bacteria so the rice produces beta-carotene, which the body converts to vitamin A. [19] This can help children with Vitamin A deficiency. Another gene being put into some crops comes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis; the gene makes a protein that is an insecticide.
Any mechanism by which organisms neutralize the large difference in gene dosage caused by the presence of differing numbers of sex chromosomes in the different sexes, thereby equalizing the expression of sex-linked genes so that the members of each sex receive the same or similar amounts of the products of such genes. An example is X ...
In general gene expression is regulated through changes [44] in the number and type of interactions between molecules [45] that collectively influence transcription of DNA [46] and translation of RNA. [47] Some simple examples of where gene expression is important are: Control of insulin expression so it gives a signal for blood glucose regulation.
Reporter genes can be used as markers, such as the lacZ gene which codes for β-galactosidase used in blue-white screening. This method of screening relies on the principle of α-complementation, where a fragment of the lacZ gene (lacZα) in the plasmid can complement another mutant lacZ gene (lacZΔM15) in the cell.
Commonly used reporter genes that induce visually identifiable characteristics usually involve fluorescent and luminescent proteins. Examples include the gene that encodes jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP), which causes cells that express it to glow green under blue or ultraviolet light, [2] the enzyme luciferase, which catalyzes a ...