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Gastropod-borne parasitic diseases (GPDs) are a group of infectious diseases that require a gastropod species to serve as an intermediate host for a parasitic organism (typically a nematode or trematode) that can infect humans upon ingesting the parasite or coming into contact with contaminated water sources. [1]
However, not all parasites want to keep their hosts alive, and there are parasites with multistage life cycles who go to some trouble to kill their host. For example, some tapeworms make some fish behave in such a way that a predatory bird can catch it. The predatory bird is the next host for the parasite in the next stage of its life cycle. [12]
These unicellular organisms are free-living in marine environments but are opportunistic parasites with a diverse host range. It is unclear what triggers infection, although infection rates are known to be higher, in both experimental and aquaculture conditions, in warmer water. [1] Low salinity has also been reported to reduce disease rates. [4]
Parasitic plants make up about one per cent of angiosperms and are in almost every biome in the world. [67] [68] [69] All these plants have modified roots, haustoria, which penetrate the host plants, connecting them to the conductive system—either the xylem, the phloem, or both. This provides them with the ability to extract water and ...
A study found that the chlorination of water and nutritional intervention had no effect on childhood giardia infection. Only handwashing and hygienic sanitation interventions reduced infection rates in children. [6] Hexamita salmonis is a common flagellated fish pathogen. Infected fish are weak and emaciated, and typically swim on their sides. [7]
G. salaris requires fresh water, [2] but can survive in brackish water for up to 18 hours. [5] The parasite is 0.5 mm (0.02 in) long, [2] and cannot be seen with the naked eye, but it can be seen with a magnifying glass. [6] On its posterior end is a haptor, a specialized organ for attaching to the host fish, which has sixteen hooks around its ...
They are marine ectoparasites (external parasites) that feed on the mucus, epidermal tissue, and blood of host fish. The roughly 559 species in 37 genera include around 162 Lepeophtheirus and 268 Caligus species.
Trematodiases can be transmitted through food or water that contains larval forms of the parasite. [1] [5] Infections can be transmitted through aquatic organisms which act as a host for the maturity of the parasite. [5] Foodborne trematodiasis is transmitted when organisms ingest contaminated undercooked food including aquatic plants and ...