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The NPS started with the decision of the Government of India to stop defined benefit pensions for all its employees who joined after 1 January 2004. While the scheme was initially designed for government employees only, it was opened up for all citizens of India in 2009. NPS is an attempt by the government to create a pensioned society in India.
Swavalamban Yojana was a government-backed pension scheme targeted at the unorganised sector in India. It was applicable to all citizens in the unorganised sector who joined the National Pension Scheme (NPS) administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) Act 2013.
Original form in 2010 as the Swavalamban Yojana. [72] A pension program that allows people to make voluntary contributions within a certain range with a matching government contribution to receive pension in the future. By September 2021, non-metros subscribers numbered 3,77,00,000. [73] PM Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY, PM Safety Insurance ...
A pension fund, also known as a superannuation fund in some countries, is any program, fund, or scheme which provides retirement income.The U.S. Government's Social Security Trust Fund, which oversees $2.57 trillion in assets, is the world's largest public pension fund.
Founded in 1919 as the National Parks Association, the organization was designed to be a citizen's watchdog for the National Park Service (NPS) created in 1916. Among the founders of NPA was Stephen Mather, the first director of the National Park Service. Robert Sterling Yard was NPA's first employee. Although Yard received personal financial ...
The New Public Service (NPS) is a newly developed theory for 21st-century citizen-focused public administration. [21] This work directly challenges the clientelism and rationalist paradigm of the New Public Management. NPS focuses on democratic governance and re-imagining the accountability of public administrators toward citizens.
There are important differences between point source pollution and NPS pollution. There are many more nonpoint sources than there are point sources, and nonpoint sources are less discrete, or distinct, than point sources. Furthermore, nonpoint source discharges are not always easily observed, and monitoring nonpoint pollution can be costly.
Although this is a point source, due to the distributional nature, long-range transport, and multiple sources of the pollution, it can be considered as nonpoint source in the depositional area. Atmospheric inputs that affect runoff quality may come from dry deposition between storm events and wet deposition during storm events.