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Representation of different software components for performing a hypothetical holiday reservation in UML. An interface description language or interface definition language (IDL) is a generic term for a language that lets a program or object written in one language communicate with another program written in an unknown language.
In object-oriented programming, an interface or protocol type [a] is a data type that acts as an abstraction of a class. It describes a set of method signatures , the implementations of which may be provided by multiple classes that are otherwise not necessarily related to each other. [ 1 ]
The callback technology is implemented differently by programming language. In assembly, C, C++, Pascal, Modula2 and other languages, a callback function is stored internally as a function pointer. Using the same storage allows different languages to directly share callbacks without a design-time or runtime interoperability layer.
However, since the code only uses methods common to the interface Map, a self-balancing binary tree could be used by calling the constructor of the TreeMap class (which implements the subinterface SortedMap), without changing the definition of the phoneBook variable, or the rest of the code, or using other underlying data structures that ...
Encapsulation is the hiding of information to ensure that data structures and operators are used as intended and to make the usage model more obvious to the developer. C++ provides the ability to define classes and functions as its primary encapsulation mechanisms.
Read-only data types (sources) can be covariant; write-only data types (sinks) can be contravariant. Mutable data types which act as both sources and sinks should be invariant. To illustrate this general phenomenon, consider the array type. For the type Animal we can make the type Animal [], which is an "array of animals". For the purposes of ...
In computer science, an opaque data type is a data type whose concrete data structure is not defined in an interface. This enforces information hiding, since its values can only be manipulated by calling subroutines that have access to the missing information. The concrete representation of the type is hidden from its users, and the visible ...
Note that, when there is a data member that is a pointer or reference to another object, then it is possible to mutate the object pointed to or referenced only within a non-const method. C++ also provides abstract (as opposed to bitwise) immutability via the mutable keyword, which lets a member variable be changed from within a const method.