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  2. p-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

    When the null-hypothesis is composite (or the distribution of the statistic is discrete), then when the null-hypothesis is true the probability of obtaining a p-value less than or equal to any number between 0 and 1 is still less than or equal to that

  3. Vernier scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale

    (In simple words, each VSD = 0.9 MSD, so each decrement of length 0.1 adds 10 times to make one MSD only in 9 divisions of vernier scale division). Now if you move the vernier by a small amount, say, 1/10 of its fixed main scale, the only pair of marks that come into alignment are the first pair, since these were the only ones originally ...

  4. Thermodynamic temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature

    Thermodynamic temperature is a quantity defined in thermodynamics as distinct from kinetic theory or statistical mechanics.. Historically, thermodynamic temperature was defined by Lord Kelvin in terms of a macroscopic relation between thermodynamic work and heat transfer as defined in thermodynamics, but the kelvin was redefined by international agreement in 2019 in terms of phenomena that are ...

  5. Oxygen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

    Fifteen radioisotopes have been characterized, ranging from 11 O to 28 O. [62] [63] The most stable are 15 O with a half-life of 122.24 seconds and 14 O with a half-life of 70.606 seconds. [60] All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 27 seconds and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 83 ...

  6. Astronomical unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit

    0.39 — Average distance from the Sun — Venus: 0.72 — Average distance from the Sun — Earth: 1.00 — Average distance of Earth's orbit from the Sun (sunlight travels for 8 minutes and 19 seconds before reaching Earth) — Mars: 1.52 — Average distance from the Sun — Jupiter: 5.2 — Average distance from the Sun — Light-hour: 7.2 ...

  7. Pi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi

    The number π (/ p aɪ / ⓘ; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.It appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics, and some of these formulae are commonly used for defining π, to avoid relying on the definition of the length of a curve.

  8. Mandelbrot set - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set

    On the other hand, for =, the sequence is 0, −1, 0, −1, 0, ..., which is bounded, so −1 does belong to the set. The Mandelbrot set can also be defined as the connectedness locus of the family of quadratic polynomials f ( z ) = z 2 + c {\displaystyle f(z)=z^{2}+c} , the subset of the space of parameters c {\displaystyle c} for which the ...

  9. Dextroamphetamine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextroamphetamine

    A bubblegum flavored oral solution is available under the brand name ProCentra, manufactured by FSC Pediatrics, which is designed to be an easier method of administration in children who have difficulty swallowing tablets, each 5 mL contains 5 mg dextroamphetamine. [230]