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A cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein is a plant protein that is involved in a two step cytokinin signaling and response regulation pathway. The current model of cytokinin signaling and response regulation shows that it works as a multi-step phosphorelay two-component signaling system . [ 1 ]
Cytokines (/ ˈ s aɪ t ə k aɪ n /) [1] are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa [2]) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target cell ...
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3 or SOCS-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOCS3 gene. [5] [6] This gene encodes a member of the STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI), also known as suppressor of cytokine signaling , family. SSI family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling.
MyD88 attracts the IRAK4 molecule, IRAK4 recruits IRAK1 and IRAK2 to form a signaling complex. The signaling complex reacts with TRAF6 which leads to TAK1 activation and consequently the induction of inflammatory cytokines. The TRIF-dependent pathway is induced by macrophages and DCs after TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation. [2]
All SOCS have certain structures in common. This includes a varying N-terminal domain involved in protein-protein interactions, a central SH2 domain, which can bind to molecules that have been phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases, and a SOCS box located at the C-terminal that enables recruitment of E3 ligases and ubiquitin signaling molecules.
Cytokine receptors are receptors that bind to cytokines. [ 1 ] In recent years, the cytokine receptors have come to demand the attention of more investigators than cytokines themselves, partly because of their remarkable characteristics, and partly because a deficiency of cytokine receptors has now been directly linked to certain debilitating ...
CCL2 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL2 tightly regulates cellular mechanics [ 5 ] and thereby recruits monocytes , memory T cells , and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection .
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death, and tumor formation. The pathway communicates information from chemical signals outside of a cell to the cell nucleus , resulting in the activation of genes through the process of ...
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