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Operation Sea-Spray was a 1950 U.S. Navy secret biological warfare experiment in which Serratia marcescens and Bacillus globigii bacteria were sprayed over the San Francisco Bay Area in California, in order to determine how vulnerable a city like San Francisco may be to a bioweapon attack, killing at least one American and sickening at least 10 more.
Serratia marcescens (/ s ə ˈ r eɪ ʃ i ə m ɑːr ˈ s ɛ s ɪ n z /) [3] [failed verification] is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria in the family Yersiniaceae. It is a facultative anaerobe and an opportunistic pathogen in humans.
S. marcescens on an agar plate. The pathogen responsible is believed to be Serratia marcescens, a common intestinal bacterium found in humans and other animals. [1] [6] This is the first time it has been linked to the death of coral. [7] The specific source of the bacteria that is killing the coral is currently unknown.
At the time, serratia marcescens and bacillus globigii bacteria were sprayed over the San Francisco Bay area to determine how vulnerable a large American city may be to a bioweapon attack. At ...
Serratia is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. [5] They are typically 1–5 μm in length, do not produce spores, [6] and can be found in water, soil, plants, and animals. [7]
In 1950, to conduct a simulation of a biological warfare attack, the U.S. Navy sprayed large quantities of the bacterium Serratia marcescens – considered harmless at the time – over the city of San Francisco during a project called Operation Sea-Spray. Numerous citizens contracted pneumonia-like illnesses, and at least one person died as a ...
White pox disease is caused by Serratia marcescens bacteria, and can be identified by white spots on the coral. [1] Black Necrosing Syndrome is a fungal disease that leads to the death of clumps of tissues on gorgonian corals. [11]
They have been shown to have activity against a range of bacteria including Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.5 μg/mL to 32 μg/mL.