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Chlorine is the second halogen, being a nonmetal in group 17 of the periodic table. Its properties are thus similar to fluorine, bromine, and iodine, and are largely intermediate between those of the first two. Chlorine has the electron configuration [Ne]3s 2 3p 5, with the seven electrons in the third and outermost shell acting as its valence ...
A large fraction of the chemical elements that occur naturally on the Earth's surface are essential to the structure and metabolism of living things. Four of these elements (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) are essential to every living thing and collectively make up 99% of the mass of protoplasm. [1]
Chlorine has two stable and naturally occurring isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. However, there are trace amounts in nature of the isotope chlorine-36, which occurs via spallation of argon-36. A total of 24 isotopes of chlorine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from 28 to 51. [7]
Chlorine dioxide is a chemical ... [26] associated with chlorination of naturally occurring ... and food processing. [29] Chlorine dioxide is less ...
Disinfection by chlorination can be problematic in some circumstances. Chlorine can react with naturally occurring organic compounds found in the water supply to produce compounds known as disinfection by-products (DBPs). The most common DBPs are trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Trihalomethanes are the primary disinfection by ...
"Mixing chlorine bleach (sodium hypochlorite) with vinegar (acetic acid) is not recommended, at all, due to the potential chemical reaction that can occur, leading to the release of harmful gases ...
Estimates are also made of natural chlorine contents in Earth's reservoirs and the form they are stored in. [1] [2] [3] The mantle constitutes the largest reservoir of chlorine at 22 x 10 12 teragrams. [2] Chlorine is cycled through the pedosphere via biotic and abiotic processes that lead to this reservoir acting as a sink. [1] [3] [4] [5]
However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst. [2] The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly ...