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The particle in a box / infinite potential well; The finite potential well; The step potential; The rectangular potential barrier; The triangular potential; The quadratic potentials The quantum harmonic oscillator; The quantum harmonic oscillator with an applied uniform field [1] The Inverse square root potential [2] The periodic potential The ...
A generalization involving infinite degrees of freedom is field quantization, as in the "quantization of the electromagnetic field", referring to photons as field "quanta" (for instance as light quanta). This procedure is basic to theories of atomic physics, chemistry, particle physics, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, and quantum optics.
Chemical potentials are important in many aspects of multi-phase equilibrium chemistry, including melting, boiling, evaporation, solubility, osmosis, partition coefficient, liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography. In each case the chemical potential of a given species at equilibrium is the same in all phases of the system.
In physics, a quantum (pl.: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction.Quantum is a discrete quantity of energy proportional in magnitude to the frequency of the radiation it represents.
The quantum potential or quantum potentiality is a central concept of the de Broglie–Bohm formulation of quantum mechanics, introduced by David Bohm in 1952.. Initially presented under the name quantum-mechanical potential, subsequently quantum potential, it was later elaborated upon by Bohm and Basil Hiley in its interpretation as an information potential which acts on a quantum particle.
In quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical entity that embodies the knowledge of a quantum system. Quantum mechanics specifies the construction, evolution, and measurement of a quantum state.
Applications arise in physics and chemistry, but also in fields such as sociology. For example, it is natural to describe a system of two political parties by an Ising model . Thereby, at a transition from one majority to the other, the above-mentioned critical phenomena may appear.
The parity operator is defined by its action in the | representation of changing r to −r, i.e. | | = The eigenvalues of P can be shown to be limited to , which are both degenerate eigenvalues in an infinite-dimensional state space. An eigenvector of P with eigenvalue +1 is said to be even, while that with eigenvalue −1 is said to be odd.