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  2. Statistical significance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance

    [15] [16] But if the p-value of an observed effect is less than (or equal to) the significance level, an investigator may conclude that the effect reflects the characteristics of the whole population, [1] thereby rejecting the null hypothesis. [17] This technique for testing the statistical significance of results was developed in the early ...

  3. Detection limit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection_limit

    In analytical chemistry, the detection limit, lower limit of detection, also termed LOD for limit of detection or analytical sensitivity (not to be confused with statistical sensitivity), is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value) with a stated confidence level (generally 99%).

  4. Sample size determination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size_determination

    The table shown on the right can be used in a two-sample t-test to estimate the sample sizes of an experimental group and a control group that are of equal size, that is, the total number of individuals in the trial is twice that of the number given, and the desired significance level is 0.05. [4]

  5. Confidence interval - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval

    The confidence interval can be expressed in terms of statistical significance, e.g.: "The 95% confidence interval represents values that are not statistically significantly different from the point estimate at the .05 level." [19] Interpretation of the 95% confidence interval in terms of statistical significance.

  6. F-test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-test

    An f-test pdf with d1 and d2 = 10, at a significance level of 0.05. (Red shaded region indicates the critical region) An F-test is a statistical test that compares variances. It's used to determine if the variances of two samples, or if the ratios of variances among multiple samples, are significantly different.

  7. Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in...

    the Christoffel symbols that describe components of a metric connection [16] the stack alphabet in the formal definition of a pushdown automaton, or the tape-alphabet in the formal definition of a Turing machine; the Feferman–Schütte ordinal Γ 0 [17] represents: the specific weight of substances; the lower incomplete gamma function

  8. p-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

    In his highly influential book Statistical Methods for Research Workers (1925), Fisher proposed the level p = 0.05, or a 1 in 20 chance of being exceeded by chance, as a limit for statistical significance, and applied this to a normal distribution (as a two-tailed test), thus yielding the rule of two standard deviations (on a normal ...

  9. Chi-squared distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution

    A low p-value, below the chosen significance level, indicates statistical significance, i.e., sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. A significance level of 0.05 is often used as the cutoff between significant and non-significant results.