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Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. [1]
Polycyclic animals reproduce intermittently throughout their lives. Semelparous organisms reproduce only once in their lifetime, [27] such as annual plants (including all grain crops), and certain species of salmon, spider, bamboo and century plant. [28] Often, they die shortly after reproduction. This is often associated with r-strategists.
Biogeographic realms are characterized by the evolutionary history of the organisms they contain. They are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the Earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of animals, fungi, micro-organisms and plants to climatic, soil, and other conditions
Such properties can manifest themselves on all levels: cells specialize, adapt and reproduce themselves just like larger organisms do. Communication and cooperation take place on all levels, from the agent- to the system-level. In some cases the forces driving co-operation between agents in such a system can be analyzed using game theory.
A species range map represents the region where individuals of a species can be found. This is a range map of Juniperus communis, the common juniper.. Species distribution, or species dispersion, [1] is the manner in which a biological taxon is spatially arranged. [2]
Willi Hennig 1972 Peter Chalmers Mitchell in 1920 Robert John Tillyard. The original methods used in cladistic analysis and the school of taxonomy derived from the work of the German entomologist Willi Hennig, who referred to it as phylogenetic systematics (also the title of his 1966 book); but the terms "cladistics" and "clade" were popularized by other researchers.
In biology, evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits.
Zoogeography is the branch of the science of biogeography that is concerned with geographic distribution (present and past) of animal species. [ 1 ] As a multifaceted field of study, zoogeography incorporates methods of molecular biology, genetics, morphology, phylogenetics , and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to delineate evolutionary ...