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Stress may also increase reward associated with food, leading to weight gain and further changes in eating habits. [58] Stress may contribute to various disorders, such as fibromyalgia , [ 59 ] chronic fatigue syndrome , [ 60 ] depression , [ 61 ] as well as other mental illnesses [ 13 ] and functional somatic syndromes .
The free-radical theory states that compounds inactivating ROS would lead to a reduction of oxidative stress and thereby produce an increase in lifespan, although this theory holds only in basic research. [17] However, in over 19 clinical trials, "nutritional and genetic interventions to boost antioxidants have generally failed to increase life ...
HSPs are found in virtually all living organisms, from bacteria to humans. Heat shock proteins are named according to their molecular weight. For example, Hsp60 , Hsp70 and Hsp90 (the most widely studied HSPs) refer to families of heat shock proteins on the order of 60, 70 and 90 kilodaltons in size, respectively. [ 7 ]
A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event seen as causing stress to an organism. [1] Psychologically speaking, a stressor can be events or environments that individuals might consider demanding, challenging, and/or threatening individual safety.
Cellular stress response is the wide range of molecular changes that cells undergo in response to environmental stressors, including extremes of temperature, exposure to toxins, and mechanical damage. Cellular stress responses can also be caused by some viral infections. [1]
Chronic stress also causes greater response to fear of the unlearned in the nervous system, and fear conditioning. [16] In the immune system, the increase in levels of chronic stress results in the elevation of inflammation. The increase in inflammation levels is caused by the ongoing activation of the sympathetic nervous system. [5]
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The universal stress protein (USP) domain is a superfamily of conserved genes which can be found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and plants. [2] Proteins containing the domain are induced by many environmental stressors such as nutrient starvation, drought, extreme temperatures, high salinity, and the presence of uncouplers, antibiotics and metals.