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Nancy Rankie Shelton and associates (2009) used DIBELS as an assessment in a research study with 2nd-grade students and compared it to fluency and comprehension of literature in the classroom. [3] It is important to note that the retell fluency test (RTF) is meant to be used to validate the ORF scores, and is the only component in DIBELS that ...
In literary theory and philosophy of language, the chronotope is how configurations of time and space are represented in language and discourse.The term was taken up by Russian literary scholar Mikhail Bakhtin who used it as a central element in his theory of meaning in language and literature.
Summative assessment can be used to refer to assessment of educational faculty by their respective supervisor with the aim of measuring all teachers on the same criteria to determine the level of their performance. In this context, summative assessment is meant to meet the school or district's needs for teachers' accountability.
Writing assessment scholars do not always agree about the origin of writing assessment. The history of writing assessment has been described as consisting of three major shifts in methods used in assessing writing. [5] The first wave of writing assessment (1950-1970) sought objective tests with indirect measures of
Literature can be described as all of the following: Communication – activity of conveying information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space.
Educational assessment or educational evaluation [1] is the systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge, skill, attitudes, aptitude and beliefs to refine programs and improve student learning. [2]
The KWL chart was created by Donna Ogle in 1986. [2] A KWL chart can be used for all subjects in a whole group or small group atmosphere. The chart is a comprehension strategy used to activate background knowledge prior to reading and is completely student centered. The teacher divides a piece of chart paper into three columns.
The purpose of standards-based assessment [5] is to connect evidence of learning to learning outcomes (the standards). When standards are explicit and clear, the learner becomes aware of their achievement with reference to the standards, and the teacher may use assessment data to give meaningful feedback to students about this progress.