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Ordinal indicator – Character(s) following an ordinal number (used when writing ordinal numbers, such as a super-script) Ordinal number – Generalization of "n-th" to infinite cases (the related, but more formal and abstract, usage in mathematics) Ordinal data, in statistics; Ordinal date – Date written as number of days since first day of ...
In set theory, an ordinal number, or ordinal, is a generalization of ordinal numerals (first, second, n th, etc.) aimed to extend enumeration to infinite sets. [1] A finite set can be enumerated by successively labeling each element with the least natural number that has not been previously used.
A simple application of ordinal parity is the idempotence law for cardinal addition (given the well-ordering theorem). Given an infinite cardinal κ, or generally any limit ordinal κ, κ is order-isomorphic to both its subset of even ordinals and its subset of odd ordinals. Hence one has the cardinal sum κ + κ = κ. [2] [7]
In written languages, an ordinal indicator is a character, or group of characters, following a numeral denoting that it is an ordinal number, rather than a cardinal number. Historically these letters were "elevated terminals", that is to say the last few letters of the full word denoting the ordinal form of the number displayed as a superscript .
There are other ordinal notations capable of capturing ordinals well past ε 0, but because there are only countably many finite-length strings over any finite alphabet, for any given ordinal notation there will be ordinals below ω 1 (the first uncountable ordinal) that are not expressible. Such ordinals are known as large countable ordinals.
These include the representation via von Neumann ordinals, commonly employed in axiomatic set theory, and a system based on equinumerosity that was proposed by Gottlob Frege and by Bertrand Russell. Definition as von Neumann ordinals
Uncountable ordinals also exist, along with uncountable epsilon numbers whose index is an uncountable ordinal. The smallest epsilon number ε 0 appears in many induction proofs, because for many purposes transfinite induction is only required up to ε 0 (as in Gentzen's consistency proof and the proof of Goodstein's theorem ).
In human developmental psychology or non-human primate experiments, ordinal numerical competence or ordinal numerical knowledge is the ability to count objects in order and to understand the greater than and less than relationships between numbers. It has been shown that children as young as two can make some ordinal numerical decisions.
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