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  2. Hindustani grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_grammar

    Compound verbs, a highly visible feature of Hindi–Urdu grammar, consist of a verbal stem plus a light verb. The light verb (also called "subsidiary", "explicator verb", and "vector" [ 55 ] ) loses its own independent meaning and instead "lends a certain shade of meaning" [ 56 ] to the main or stem verb, which "comprises the lexical core of ...

  3. Hindustani orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_orthography

    Urdu is written from right to left, and most letters link together. This leads to variations in the form of a letter depending on its position in a word. Most vowels are omitted in generic texts, although they may be written for disambiguation or for pedagogical purposes. Urdu is primarily written in a calligraphic style of the script called ...

  4. Urdu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu

    The name Urdu was first introduced by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780. [29] [30] As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. [80] [81] While Urdu retained the grammar and core Indo-Aryan vocabulary of the local Indian dialect Khariboli, it adopted the Perso-Arab writing system, written in the Nastaleeq style.

  5. Persian and Urdu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu

    Hindustani (sometimes called Hindi–Urdu) is a colloquial language and lingua franca of Pakistan and the Hindi Belt of India. It forms a dialect continuum between its two formal registers: the highly Persianized Urdu, and the de-Persianized, Sanskritized Hindi. [2] Urdu uses a modification of the Persian alphabet, whereas Hindi uses Devanagari ...

  6. Urdu literature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_literature

    Urdu developed during the 12th to 13th centuries, although the name "Urdu" did not exist at the time for the language. Amir Khusrau, who lived in the thirteenth century, wrote and gave shape to the Rekhta dialect (the Persianized combination of Hindavi), which was the early form of Modern Standard Urdu. He was thus called, the "father of Urdu ...

  7. Orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography

    An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, punctuation, word boundaries, capitalization, hyphenation, and emphasis. Most national and international languages have an established writing system that has undergone substantial standardization, thus exhibiting less dialect variation than the spoken ...

  8. Pashto alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_alphabet

    Historically, the two are calligraphic variants of the same character, ك ‎ is more common in modern Arabic, and ک ‎ is more common in Persian and Urdu. In Unicode they are split into two separate glyphs. The y-sound before a ی ‎-letter is written as ئـ ‎ in the Pakistani orthography and as يـ ‎ in the Afghan

  9. Gurmukhi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi

    The letter ਸ਼, already in use by the time of the earliest Punjabi grammars produced, along with ਜ਼ and ਲ਼, [49] enabled the previously unmarked distinction of /s/ and the well-established phoneme /ʃ/, which is used even in native echo doublets e.g. rō̆ṭṭī-śō̆ṭṭī "stuff to eat"; the loansounds f, z, x, and ġ as ...