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The functions of a central bank may include: Monetary policy: by setting the official interest rate and controlling the money supply; Financial stability: acting as a government's banker and as the bankers' bank ("lender of last resort"); Reserve management: managing a country's foreign-exchange and gold reserves and government bonds;
Each member bank is a private bank (e.g., a privately owned corporation) that holds stock in one of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks. The amount of stock each member bank must buy is set to be equal to 3% of its combined capital and surplus of stock in the Reserve Bank within its region of the Federal Reserve System.
The bank has a lien on cheques deposited to the customer's account, to the extent that the customer is indebted to the bank. The bank must not disclose details of transactions through the customer's account – unless the customer consents, there is a public duty to disclose, the bank's interests require it, or the law demands it.
Regulatory structures differ in each country, but typically involve prudential regulation as well as consumer protection and market stability. Some countries have one consolidated agency that regulates all financial institutions while others have separate agencies for different types of institutions such as banks, insurance companies and brokers.
While most countries have only one bank regulator, in the U.S., banking is regulated at both the federal and state levels [5] in an arrangement known as a dual banking system. [6] Depending on its type of charter and organizational structure, a banking organization may be subject to numerous federal and state banking regulations.
Some of the most prominent implications include the internationalization of the U.S. Dollar as a global currency, the impact from the perception of the Central Bank structure as a public good by creating a system of financial stability (Parthemos 19-28), and the Impact of the Federal Reserve in response to economic panics. [25]
Bank licensing, which sets certain requirements for starting a new bank, is closely connected with supervision and usually performed by the same public authority. Licensing provides the licence holders the right to own and to operate a bank. The licensing process is specific to the regulatory environment of the jurisdiction where the bank is ...
Central bank independence refers to the degree of autonomy and freedom a central bank has in conducting its monetary policy and managing the financial system.It is a key aspect of modern central banking, and has its roots in the recognition that monetary policy decisions should be based on the best interests of the economy as a whole, rather than being influenced by short-term political ...