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Most often, parallel voting involves combining a winner-take-all system with party-list proportional representation (PR). [1] While first-preference plurality with PR is the most common pairing in parallel voting, many other combinations are possible.
Exact proportionality is never achieved under PR systems, except by chance. The use of electoral thresholds that are intended to limit the influence of small, extreme parties will reduce proportionality in list systems, and any insufficiency of leveling seats will further reduce proportionality in mixed-member proportional or additional-member systems.
Parallel voting is a mixed non-compensatory system with two tiers of representatives: a tier of single-member district representatives elected by a plurality/majoritarian method such as FPTP/SMP, and a tier of regional or at-large representatives elected by a separate proportional method such as party list PR.
In countries with proportional representation there is not such a great incentive to vote for a large party, which contributes to multi-party systems. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland use the first-past-the-post system for UK general elections but versions of proportional representation for elections to their own assemblies and parliaments.
Party-list proportional representation (List PR) Ukraine: 2019 Parallel voting Party-list proportional representation (List PR) According to the election law that became valid on 1 January 2020 the 2023 Ukrainian parliamentary election will be held under a proportional scheme. 2002 Parallel voting Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Failed to achieve mixed-member proportional representation in 2012. From the 2016 elections, closed party-list proportional representation was used instead. [20] Thailand (formerly): A single vote seat linkage system referred to as "mixed-member apportionment" was used in 2019. It used a mixed single vote for both the constituency and the party ...
A Canadian example of such an opportunity is seen in the City of Edmonton (Canada), which went from first-past-the-post voting in 1917 Alberta general election to five-member plurality block voting in 1921 Alberta general election, to five-member single transferable voting in 1926 Alberta general election, then to FPTP again in 1959 Alberta ...
Vote linkage systems can be compared to the mixed-member proportional systems (MMP)/ additional member system (AMS) and the common form of mixed-member majoritarian representation, parallel voting. Like in parallel voting , a party that can gerrymander local districts can win more than its share of seats.