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ROS are produced during the processes of respiration and photosynthesis in organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes and chloroplasts. [14] [20] [21] [22] During the respiration process the mitochondria convert energy for the cell into a usable form, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O 2) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats and proteins are consumed as reactants, aerobic respiration is the preferred method of pyruvate production in glycolysis, and requires pyruvate be transported the mitochondria in order to be oxidized by the citric acid cycle.
The physiological definition of respiration differs from the biochemical definition, which refers to a metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH) [2] by oxidizing nutrients and releasing waste products.
Geothrix fermentans does not form spores and is non-motile. [2] [1] This organism is one of the few freshwater, cultivable bacteria that exhibit metal respiration using Fe(III) oxide. [3] [1] Optimum temperature for growth is 35 °C with a range from 25 °C to 40 °C.
[6] [2] Furthermore, in the absence of light (and thus photosynthesis), chlororespiration plays an integral role in enabling metabolic pathways to compensate for chemical energy synthesis. [2] This is achieved through the oxidation of stromal compounds, which increases the PQ pool and allows for the chlororespiratory ETC to take place. [2] [6]
Cellular waste products are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP. One example of cellular respiration creating cellular waste products are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Each pathway generates different waste products.
Anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation generate ATP in very different ways, and the terms should not be treated as synonyms. Cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) uses highly reduced chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH 2 (for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often a proton gradient) across a membrane.
It is responsible for delivering sufficient oxygen (O 2) to all cells of the body and for removing carbon dioxide (CO 2) that is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration. The respiratory system of insects (and many other arthropods) is separate from the circulatory system.