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A typical altitude encoder, the ACK Technologies A-30. Note the 15-way D-type connector to send the Gillham code to the transponder and the port on the top of the case that connects to the aircraft's static pressure system. An altitude encoder takes the form of a small metal box containing a pressure sensor and signal conditioning electronics.
The TSO authorization (also called TSOA) or a letter of TSO Design Approval does not necessarily convey approval for installation. [2] Similar standards are maintained by other aviation authorities. For example European Technical Standard Orders (ETSO) by EASA for the European Union, [3] with limited reciprocal equivalence on a per-country ...
The altitude information is passed to the transponder using a modified form of the modified Gray code called a Gillham code. Mode A and C responses are used to help air traffic controllers identify a particular aircraft's position and altitude on a radar screen, in order to maintain separation. [2]
Aircraft on a VFR Military Training Route or requiring frequent or rapid changes in altitude. [13] US: Non-discrete code assignments in accordance with FAA Order JO 7110.65, 5-2. US: Also for use in oceanic airspace unless another code is assigned by ATC. [3] US: External ARTCC subsets.
Mode C uses a spacing of 21 μs, and requests the aircraft's pressure altitude, provided by the altitude encoder. Mode 2 uses a spacing of 5 μs and requests the aircraft to transmit its Military identification code. The latter is only assigned to Military aircraft and so only a small percentage of aircraft actually reply to a mode 2 interrogation.
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Without the pressure altitude reporting, the air traffic controller has no display of accurate altitude information, and must rely on the altitude reported by the pilot via radio. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Similarly, the traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) installed on some aircraft needs the altitude information supplied by transponder signals.
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