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Micrograph showing gliosis in the cerebellum. Reactive astrocytes on the left display severe proliferation and domain overlap. Reactive astrogliosis is the most common form of gliosis and involves the proliferation of astrocytes, a type of glial cell responsible for maintaining extracellular ion and neurotransmitter concentrations, modulating synapse function, and forming the blood–brain ...
[19] [20] One of the damaging results of excess calcium in the cytosol is initiating apoptosis through cleaved caspase processing. [20] Another damaging result of excess calcium in the cytosol is the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, a pore in the membranes of mitochondria that opens when the organelles absorb too much ...
A neuron observed under an optical microscope. Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function. [1] In the case of an ongoing insult (a neurodegenerative insult) the relative preservation of neuronal integrity implies a reduction in the rate of neuronal loss over time, which can be expressed as a differential equation.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that mediates the addition of phosphate molecules onto serine and threonine amino acid residues. First discovered in 1980 as a regulatory kinase for its namesake, glycogen synthase (GS), [2] GSK-3 has since been identified as a protein kinase for over 100 different proteins in a variety of different pathways.
2932 56637 Ensembl ENSG00000082701 ENSMUSG00000022812 UniProt P49841 Q9WV60 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001146156 NM_002093 NM_001354596 NM_019827 NM_001347232 RefSeq (protein) NP_001139628 NP_002084 NP_001341525 NP_001334161 NP_062801 Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 119.82 – 120.09 Mb Chr 16: 37.91 – 38.07 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, (GSK-3 beta ...
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject covers topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics and epigenetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and ...
As a result, the increased concentration of Ca 2+ directly increases the stress on mitochondria, resulting in excessive oxidative phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the activation of nitric oxide synthase, ultimately leading to cell death. Aβ was also found aiding this route to neurotoxicity by enhancing neuron ...
The protein was first named as CRMP-62 having a relative molecular mass of 62 kDa and later referred as CRMP-2. Concurrently, a 64 kDa protein named as TOAD-64 for Turned On After Division, was shown to increase significantly during the development of the cortex of the brain. The cDNA sequence of TOAD-64 corresponded to that of rat CRMP-2.