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The first stage of cold water immersion syndrome, the cold shock response, includes a group of reflexes lasting under 5 min in laboratory volunteers and initiated by thermoreceptors sensing rapid skin cooling. Water has a thermal conductivity 25 times and a volume-specific heat capacity over 3000 times that of air; subsequently, surface cooling ...
AKI - the other main type of kidney disease - can be caused by dehydration, blood loss, urinary tract obstructions such as kidney stones or blood clots, low blood pressure, or heart disease. It ...
Hypothermia has two main types of causes. It classically occurs from exposure to cold weather and cold water immersion. It may also occur from any condition that decreases heat production or increases heat loss. [1] Commonly, this includes alcohol intoxication but may also include low blood sugar, anorexia and advanced age.
Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. [1] This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume.
If the air is cooler and drier, droplets stay in the air longer, which increases the chances of infecting people nearby. That also happens with air conditioning, which can reduce humidity.
Mitigation may be by supplementary oxygen, pressurisation of the habitat or environmental protection suit, or a combination of both. In all cases the critical effect is the raising of oxygen partial pressure in the breathing gas. [1] Room air at altitude can be enriched with oxygen without introducing an unacceptable fire hazard.
Bleeding may be either external or internal. [3] A substantial amount of blood loss to the point of hemodynamic compromise may occur in the chest, abdomen, or the retroperitoneum. [3] The thigh itself can hold up to 1 L to 2 L of blood. [3] Localizing and controlling the source of bleeding is of utmost importance to the treatment of hemorrhagic ...
In warmer weather, the air inside the bubble expands as it warms, popping the bubble before it gets far. But in cold weather, the water sandwiched inside the soap has a chance to freeze before the ...