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  2. Vision therapy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_therapy

    This early and traditional form of vision therapy was the foundation of what is now known as orthoptics and was based on observation not research or evidence. [38] In the first half of the twentieth century, orthoptists, working with ophthalmologists, introduced a variety of training techniques mainly designed to improve ocular alignment. In ...

  3. Bates method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_method

    The Bates method is an ineffective and potentially dangerous alternative therapy aimed at improving eyesight.Eye-care physician William Horatio Bates (1860–1931) held the erroneous belief that the extraocular muscles caused changes in focus and that "mental strain" caused abnormal action of these muscles; hence he believed that relieving such "strain" would cure defective vision.

  4. Visual impairment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment

    Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception.In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear, assistive devices, and medical treatment, visual impairment may cause the individual difficulties with normal daily tasks, including reading and walking. [6]

  5. Visual acuity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity

    Vision of 6/12 corresponds to lower performance, while vision of 6/3 to better performance. Normal individuals have an acuity of 6/4 or better (depending on age and other factors). In the expression 6/x vision, the numerator (6) is the distance in metres between the subject and the chart and the denominator (x) the distance at which a person ...

  6. Scotopic vision - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotopic_vision

    Mesopic vision occurs in intermediate lighting conditions (luminance level 10 −3 to 10 0.5 cd/m 2) [citation needed] and is effectively a combination of scotopic and photopic vision. This gives inaccurate visual acuity and color discrimination. In normal light (luminance level 10 to 10 8 cd/m 2), the vision of cone cells dominates and is ...

  7. LASIK - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASIK

    LASIK surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist who uses a femtosecond laser or a microkeratome to create a corneal flap to expose the corneal stroma and then an excimer laser to reshape the corneal stroma in order to improve visual acuity. [2] [3] LASIK is very similar to another surgical corrective procedure, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK ...

  8. Snellen chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart

    A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity.Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen who developed the chart in 1862 as a measurement tool for the acuity formula developed by his professor Franciscus Cornelius Donders.

  9. Sustainable packaging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_packaging

    Additionally, an eco-cost to value ratio can be useful [6] The goals are to improve the long term viability and quality of life for humans and the longevity of natural ecosystems. Sustainable packaging must meet the functional and economic needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. [ 7 ]