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  2. atan2 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan2

    atan2(y, x) returns the angle θ between the positive x-axis and the ray from the origin to the point (x, y), confined to (−π, π].Graph of ⁡ (,) over /. In computing and mathematics, the function atan2 is the 2-argument arctangent.

  3. Minute and second of arc - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc

    It is especially popular as a unit of measurement with shooters familiar with the imperial measurement system because 1 MOA subtends a circle with a diameter of 1.047 inches (which is often rounded to just 1 inch) at 100 yards (2.66 cm at 91 m or 2.908 cm at 100 m), a traditional distance on American target ranges.

  4. Machin-like formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machin-like_formula

    If = then ⁡ is 45 degrees or radians. This means that if the real part and complex part are equal then the arctangent will equal π 4 {\textstyle {\frac {\pi }{4}}} . Since the arctangent of one has a very slow convergence rate if we find two complex numbers that when multiplied will result in the same real and imaginary part we will have a ...

  5. Angular diameter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_diameter

    2.5° by 2.5° Westerhout 5: 2.3° by 1.25° Sh2-54: 2.3° Carina Nebula: 2° by 2° Note: brightest nebula in the night sky, 1.0 apparent magnitude (V) North America Nebula: 2° by 100 ′ Earth in the Moon's sky: 2° - 1°48 ′ [12] Appearing about three to four times larger than the Moon in Earth's sky The Sun in the sky of Mercury: 1.15 ...

  6. Arctangent series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctangent_series

    The derivative of arctan x is 1 / (1 + x 2); conversely, the integral of 1 / (1 + x 2) is arctan x. If = ...

  7. Solid angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_angle

    [1] Solid angles can also be measured in square degrees (1 sr = (180/ π) 2 square degrees), in square arc-minutes and square arc-seconds, or in fractions of the sphere (1 sr = ⁠ 1 / 4 π ⁠ fractional area), also known as spat (1 sp = 4 π sr). In spherical coordinates there is a formula for the differential,

  8. Milliradian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliradian

    A common adjustment value in firearm sights is 1 cm at 100 meters which equals ⁠ 10 mm / 100 m ⁠ = ⁠ 1 / 10 ⁠ mrad. The true definition of a milliradian is based on a unit circle with a radius of one and an arc divided into 1,000 mrad per radian, hence 2,000 π or approximately 6,283.185 milliradians in one turn , and rifle scope ...

  9. Degree symbol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_symbol

    In the case of degrees of angular arc, the degree symbol follows the number without any intervening space, e.g. 30°.The addition of minute and second of arc follows the degree units, with intervening spaces (optionally, non-breaking space) between the sexagesimal degree subdivisions but no spaces between the numbers and units, for example 30° 12 ′ 5″.