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Pneumocephalus and comminuted fracture of the frontal sinus Pneumocephalus is the presence of air or gas within the cranial cavity . It is usually associated with disruption of the skull : after head and facial trauma , tumors of the skull base, after neurosurgery or otorhinolaryngology , and rarely, spontaneously.
For example, fractures of the orbital floor or medial orbital wall of the eye can entrap the medial rectus or inferior rectus muscles. [29] In facial wounds, tear ducts and nerves of the face may be damaged. [3] Fractures of the frontal bone can interfere with the drainage of the frontal sinus and can cause sinusitis. [30]
The Le Fort III fracture (transverse fracture) occurs at the level of the skull base, resulting in complete craniofacial separation of the midface from the base of the skull. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The fracture line extends through the zygomatic arch , the pterygoid plates , the lateral and medial orbital walls , the nasal bones , and the nasal septum .
A basilar skull fracture typically requires a significant degree of trauma to occur. [1] It is defined as a fracture of one or more of the temporal, occipital, sphenoid, frontal or ethmoid bone. [1] Basilar skull fractures are divided into anterior fossa, middle fossa and posterior fossa fractures. [1] Facial fractures often also occur. [1]
The Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification initially published their classification system covering the whole skeleton in 1996. [5] In 2006 [6] they published a revision, unifying the Muller/AO and OTA systems into a single alphanumeric classification, which has been further updated in 2018: [7]
The nasofrontal duct is a duct connecting the infundibulum and frontal sinus. A true nasofrontal duct only exists in 15% of the population. [1] ... Code of Conduct;
Head injuries include both injuries to the brain and those to other parts of the head, such as the scalp and skull.Head injuries can be closed or open. A closed (non-missile) head injury is where the dura mater remains intact.
Superior orbital fissure syndrome, also known as Rochon-Duvigneaud's syndrome, [4] [5] is a neurological disorder that results if the superior orbital fissure is fractured. ...