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Spondylolysis is a defect or stress fracture in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch. [1] The vast majority of cases occur in the lower lumbar vertebrae (L5), but spondylolysis may also occur in the cervical vertebrae .
The very long-term outcome (mean follow-up time of 12.4 years) was excellent-to-good in 68% of patients (59% women and 73% men). Furthermore, in the longitudinal follow-up, the result improved between 1985 and 1991. No special complications were manifested during this very long-term follow-up time.
Physical therapists can assist immobilized patients with effective cough techniques, secretion clearance, stretching of the thoracic wall, and suggest abdominal support belts when necessary. The amount of time a patient is immobilized may depend on the level of the spinal cord injury.
Recovery following spinal fusion is extremely variable, depending on individual surgeon's preference and the type of procedure performed. [20] The average length of hospital stay for spinal fusions is 3.7 days. [6] Some patients can go home the same day if they undergo a simple cervical spinal fusion at an outpatient surgery center. [21]
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The severity of such symptoms tend to progress over time and occur more frequently amongst older patients. [5] CSM symptoms can be unilateral or bilateral, depending on the lateral regions where compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots occur. [9] If left untreated, CSM can lead to long-term or permanent damage to the spinal cord and nerve ...
Bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP) should not be routinely used in any type of anterior cervical spine fusion, such as with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. [2] [3] There are reports of this therapy causing swelling of soft tissue which in turn can cause life-threatening complications due to difficulty swallowing and pressure on the respiratory tract.
Isthmic anterolisthesis (also called type 2) is caused by a defect in the pars interarticularis (spondylolysis) but it can also be seen with an elongated pars. [11] [12] Degenerative anterolisthesis (also called type 3) is a disease of the older adult that develops as a result of facet arthritis and joint remodeling.
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