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Anti-MOG antibodies have been described in some patients with NMOSD [15] [16] who were negative for the aquaporin 4 (AQP-4) antibody. However, most NMOSD is an astrocytopathy, specifically an AQP4 antibody-associated disease, whereas MOG antibody-associated disease is an oligodendrocytopathy, suggesting that these are two separate pathologic entities. [2]
MOG-IgG levels coarsely correlate with disease severity, with levels being higher during active disease, and higher levels being associated with more severe disease manifestation. [1] Antibodies against MOG are considered mostly absent in similar diseases, such as MS. [28] Therefore, it can be said that anti-MOG diseases are grouped within AQP4 ...
As of 2019, three auto-antibodies have been found in atypical MS giving birth to separate diseases: Anti-AQP4 diseases, Anti-MOG and Anti-NF spectrums. [9] A LHON-associated MS [10] has also been reported, and in addition there have been inconclusive reports of TNF-α blockers inducing demyelinating disorders. [11]
As of 2019, the correlation between CRION and MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis is so high that now CRION is considered the most common phenotype related to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG). [9] As of 2021, some reports point out a second kind of CRION due to anti-phospholipid antibodies. [10]
Several studies have shown a role for antibodies against MOG in the pathogenesis of MS, [8] [18] though most of them were written before the discovery of NMO-IgG and the NMO spectrum of diseases. Anti-MOG status is different depending whether it is measured by ELISA or by microarray . The proper way to identify it is by microarray, reacting ...
Anti-AQP4 diseases, are a group of diseases characterized by auto-antibodies against aquaporin 4. After the discovery of anti-AQP4 autoantibody in neuromyelitis optica , it was found that it was also present in some patients with other clinically defined diseases, including multiple sclerosis variants like optic-spinal MS .
In fact, it seems that MS patients with anti-MOG positivity could be considered a different disease in the near future. Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) is an emerging field in Multiple Sclerosis treatment. The response of the disease to the different available medications at this moment cannot be predicted, and would be desirable. [17]
Detection of this type of neuropathy has concentrated mostly on detecting presence of antibodies because the antibodies are the main cause for the disease. Anti-MAG antibodies can be readily detected in a patient's sera using various types of assays , but mainly an ELISA has been shown to be most effective.
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