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The corruption of the Biblical text was elaborated more extensively by ibn Hazm in the 11th century, who popularized the concept of tahrif al-nass "corruption of the text". Ibn Hazm rejected claims of Mosaic authorship and posited that Ezra was the author of the Torah.
In an Islamic context it can refer to spreading corruption on Earth or spreading mischief in a Muslim land, [2] moral corruption against God, [3] or disturbance of the public peace. [ 4 ] The spread of fasad is a major theme in the Quran, and the notion is often contrasted with islah (setting things aright). [ 5 ]
Corruption includes industrial corruption, consisting of large bribes, as well as petty corruption such as a poacher paying off a park ranger to ignore poaching. The presence of fuel extraction and export is unambiguously associated with corruption, whereas mineral exports only increased corruption in poorer countries.
Islam has laws and procedures to prevent wrongdoing, but the West prefers to wait until a wrong has been committed before acting. It is a fundamental difference between Islam and the West. When anything goes wrong, Cook describes the Western approach as "rescue", but the Islamic viewpoint is "forbidding wrong".
Graft, as understood in American English, is a form of political corruption defined as the unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain. Political graft occurs when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to private interests.
A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): [27] For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper ...
Islamic Government (Persian: حکومت اسلامی, romanized: Ḥokūmat-i Eslāmī), [2] or Islamic Government: Jurist's Guardianship (Persian: حکومت اسلامی ولایت فقیه, romanized: Ḥokūmat-i Eslāmī Wilāyat-i Faqīh) [3] is a book by the Iranian Shi'i Muslim cleric, Islamic jurist and revolutionary, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
The Islamic concept of sovereignty differs from the western principles of international custom and law established by the Treaty of Westphalia.An important element of this is the Ummah — the community of Muslims as a whole.