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The culture of education for women was established by the time of the revolution so that even after the revolution, large numbers of women entered civil service and higher education, [51] After the 1989 Iranian constitutional referendum, changes resulted in an improvement in the lives and opportunities of women. [52]
However, the abuse of indulgences, mainly through commercialization, had become a serious problem which the church recognized but was unable to restrain effectively. [9] Indulgences were, from the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, a target of attacks by Martin Luther and other Protestant theologians.
Most of the women in the Quran are represented as either mothers or wives of leaders or prophets. They retained a certain amount of autonomy from men in some respects; for example, the Quran describes women who converted to Islam before their husbands or women who took an independent oath of allegiance to Muhammad. [1]
Women were required to be obedient to their husbands, fathers, and sons. This was less due to the religion's teachings than to the cultural norms of the era in which it arose. Islam recognized men and women as equals in their ability to carry out God's wishes and Muhammad's teaching. [34]
Women, however, did not hold religious titles, but some held political power with their husbands or on their own. The historic role of women in Islam is connected to societal patriarchal ideals, rather than actual ties to the Quran. The issue of women in Islam is becoming more prevalent in modern society. [172]
Although Islam permits women to divorce for domestic violence, they are subject to the laws of their nation, which might make it quite difficult for a woman to obtain a divorce. [311] [312] [313] In deference to Surah 4:34, many nations with Shari'a law have refused to consider or prosecute cases of domestic abuse. [314] [315] [316]
The letters of St. Paul—dated to the middle of the 1st century AD—and his casual greetings to acquaintances offer information about Jewish and Gentile women who were prominent in early Christianity. His letters provide clues about the kind of activities in which women engaged more generally. [81]
All married women who were participants in this study in Iran have experienced 7.4% of the 9 categories of abuse. The likelihood of being subject to violence varied: The more children in a family or the more rural the family lived, the greater the likelihood of domestic violence; Educated and career women were less likely to be victims of abuse.