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In the U.S., MD–PhD training during medical school is extensive and lengthy, lasting eight or more years Traditional PhD training involves combining course content knowledge and research skills to produce original research, culminating in a doctoral dissertation. Typically, PhD-degree completion takes 4–6 years.
The first research doctorate was the doctor of philosophy, which came to the U.S. from Germany, and is frequently referred to by its initials of Ph.D. As academia evolved in the country a wide variety of other types of doctoral degrees and programs were developed.
The program has its origins in the non-NIH funded MD-PhD training offered at the nation's research-centric medical schools. An early dual-degree program began at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in 1956. [4] Other prominent medical schools quickly followed this example and developed integrated MD-PhD training structures.
Doctor of Medicine (DM) [25] (This is more commonly a doctorate by thesis, similar to the PhD; [29] [30] it remains a higher doctorate formally at Oxford but an enquiry in 2016 has recommended that this be changed. [31] Note that the first professional medical degree in the UK is the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery.)
In the United States, the PhD degree is the highest academic degree awarded by universities in most fields of study. American students typically undergo a series of three phases in the course of their work toward the PhD degree. The first phase consists of coursework in the student's field of study and requires one to three years to complete.
The PhD was adopted in the UK following a joint decision in 1917 by British universities, although it took much longer for it to become established. Oxford became the first university to institute the new degree, although naming it the DPhil. [134] The PhD was often distinguished from the earlier higher doctorates by distinctive academic dress.
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