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Serious side effects may include high blood lactate levels and enlargement of the liver. [7] Use of this medication during pregnancy does not appear to harm the fetus, but this has not been well studied. [1] Emtricitabine/tenofovir was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004. [5]
Additional barriers transgender women face include concerns about side effects, hormone therapy, adherence, and interaction with healthcare workers. [96] Challenges encountered by people engaging in injection drug use include limited access to healthcare providers, expense of medication, and follow-up for HIV testing. [92]
More severe side effects are hallucinations, sleeplessness and depression. [12] Recommended dosage for efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir is one tablet at or before bedtime. Side effects can be reduced if it is taken on an empty stomach. People with kidney or liver problems can take one tablet by mouth once a day.
The most commonly reported side effects due to use of tenofovir disoproxil were dizziness, nausea, and diarrhea. [13] Other adverse effects include depression, sleep disturbances, headache, itching, rash, and fever. The US boxed warning cautions potential onset of lactic acidosis or liver damage due to use of tenofovir disoproxil. [14]
The trial, CAPRISA 004, was conducted among 889 women to evaluate the ability of 1% tenofovir gel to prevent male-to-female HIV transmission. The study found a 39% lower HIV infection rate in women using 1% tenofovir gel compared with women using a placebo gel. In addition, tenofovir gel was shown to be safe as tested. [21]
Initial regimens use "first-line" drugs with a high efficacy and low side-effect profile. The US DHHS preferred initial regimens for adults and adolescents in the United States, as of April 2015, are: [7] tenofovir/emtricitabine and raltegravir (an integrase inhibitor) tenofovir/emtricitabine and dolutegravir (an integrase inhibitor)
Tenofovir alafenamide, sold ... drug's effects to be non-inferior to the established agent, but at much lower dosages and with lower incidence of adverse side effects ...
Side effects can include joint pain, sleepiness, headaches, depression, trouble sleeping, and itchiness. [3] Severe side effects may include depression, psychosis, or osteonecrosis. [3] In those with a history of epilepsy, it may increase the frequency of seizures. [3] Greater care should also be taken in those with kidney problems. [3]